Fiscal Policy SA- Budget Speech

Monetary Policy SA-Budget Speech Table of Contentsi. Official Summary31. Introduction62. Substance of Budget 200772.1 Total Spending (Medium Term Expenditure Framework Period)83. Financial Backdrop - Buoyant Domestic Growth95. Method of reasoning of 2007 Budget Speech116. Macroeconomy137. Monetary Policy147.1 Expansionary Fiscal Policy147.2 Tax168. Financial and Monetary challenges208.1 Monetary Challenges229. Weaknesses of 2007 Budget.2310. Recommendations on the most proficient method to address the shortcomings2410.1 Fiscal measures2410.2 Monetary measures2411. Rundown of References:2612.ANNEXURES28i. Official SummaryWhile conveying the 2007 Budget Speech on 21 February 2007, the thrilled and appealling Trevor Manuel's tone epitomized South Africa's economy that has been performing amazingly well in the course of recent years generally because of sound financial and money related strategies and worldwide impacts. The expanded amount and nature of spending in the Budget is fuelled by the basis of immediately quick ening the speculation rate and pace of development; improving the lives of underestimated South Africans; keeping up a dynamic security net; fighting wrongdoing and improving the limit and adequacy of state; show case the nation through getting ready for the 2010 soccer occasion; and empowering the way of life of saving.GDPThe Budget and its proceeded expansionary financial position is anyway described by huge difficulties that may block on progress in accomplishing certain destinations. These incorporate vis- - vis strategy slacks, absence of limit concerning spending, government formality and wasteful aspects, antagonistic lease looking for conduct, salary and riches redistribution. Worldwide impacts that will present difficulties incorporate the foreseen lower worldwide development because of smothered US development, dangers for example oil costs; US current record shortage in the midst of huge surpluses among oil-creating nations. The fundamental money related test is that the South African Reserve Bank tries to stifle request to coordinate gracefully however this is the low development choice. The proposed long haul arrangement and high development choice is to support flexibly so as to fulfill need with official and private segment initiatives.A number of things were absent...

Answer quesiton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer quesiton - Essay Example By giving an enormous number of commonplace and nearby official workplaces, the mestizos stepped their characteristic of power and authority over the bicameral type of government in almost all parts of the sociological and political history of the Philippines. Further, they merged their privileges and force by giving regulatory rights and powers in the hands of their blood family members and companions. Their siblings, sisters and other close individuals were given senior situations in the force coalitions, and children and nephews were vested with junior power levels. The thought was to guarantee absolute mastery of the nation in the hands of the mestizos. In this way they dodged vote based types of offering capacity to the chosen delegates of the individuals. The birthplace of political administration rule was articulated by the before Aquinos and Cojuangcos and has since, through the procedure of plummet, passed onto the hands of the current ruler, Corazon Aquino. The nonappearance of popularity based procedure and the standard of lines has been one angle by which the Filipino political situation contrasts altogether from that of other South East Asian countries. One more viewpoint is that, not normal for other SE Asian countries, which gloat of monstrous bureaucratic style of administering, in Philippines the mestizos are under the managerial control of the Americans, to whom they have vowed support, as an end-result of a deal to stay in power. There is a base number of positions for government employees and the whole force sharing lies in the hands of the mestizos. There were gigantic changes into Christianity and today, almost 90% of the populace is of Christian confidence. These transformations were completed, not through utilization of the mode of the Spanish language, yet by utilization of a large group of different dialects. Despite the fact that Philippines was controlled by the Spaniards for an extensive time allotment, Spanish has not become the regular language of the nearby individuals of the island

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 18th, 2019

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The Importance Of A Public Elementary School Teacher

After graduation I would like to become a public elementary school teacher in a low-income district. This particular setting is appealing to me because I want to help students learn in an area of great need. Although I am not picky as to which specific grade I prefer, what sounds most appealing to me is grades first through third. During this age range, most students are eager to learn and still have a drive pushing them to do well, and to retain the most information they can. This stage seems to be the most fun in my eyes, but I am not opposed to working with students of higher levels. The class I would use to show Gardner’s theory would be a second grade room full of curious math learners. This activity would first involve individual work, and then progress to group work or a â€Å"pair share† activity. This activity would be followed by a math worksheet for homework for practice of what we just covered. During our 30-minute math block, I would start with individual work. I would ask the students to make a picture using materials provided. The students will use stickers of animals and draw a setting from one of their favorite pieces of literature. After completion, they will be asked to start the mathematical portion of this activity. They will write a math equation that ties their picture into an addition or subtraction problem. After, I will staple the problem with the picture they just illustrated. I will then put the students in small groups, of 3 or 4 students. TheyShow MoreRelatedResearch Summary : School Supplies In The Classroom1517 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Summary: School Supplies in the Classroom Teachers see lack of supplies and curriculum, unreliable internet service in their schools Key Concepts A survey given to public school instructors reported that teachers believe art, tutoring, music, and library time are necessities An average of $500 a year are spent on school supplies for each teacher’s classroom, taken directly from the instructor’s wallet themselves Elementary school teachers spend more money on school supplies for their studentsRead MoreDiscilplnary Approaches as Practiced by Public Elem.Teachers and Pupils Classroom Behavior1093 Words   |  5 PagesOvercoming pupils’ misbehaviours in public school like Nagpayong Elementary School that is populated of 10,768 grader pupils and with over crowding narrow classrooms composed of a minimum of 50 and a maximum of 60 pupils per class, but its nature is much more difficult backbreaking responsibility to do than other obligations of the teacher and in this situation she should be able to bridge the between discipline and pupils behaviours. Militant, disobedient, socially inadequate and withdrawnRead MoreInvestigation Based Stem Professional Development For Elementary Teachers1461 Words   |  6 Pages P., Hay, A., Dance, M., Pfiester, J. (2013). Teacher STEM perception and preparation: Inquiry-based STEM professional development for elementary teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(2), 157–168. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher attitude, efficacy, and knowledge of STEM integration at the elementary level. During the study, professional development was provided . . . to increase and improve teacher perceptions and understanding of STEM curriculumRead MoreThe Role Of State And Local Control Of Education850 Words   |  4 Pages Highly Qualified The law requires teachers to have a bachelor’s degree, a state teaching certification and to demonstrate content knowledge in the subjects they teach. Proficient and effective teachers, not only know the subject matter in which they teach they have strategies to reach all types of learners in their classroom. These qualified individuals have mastered the skills that they need to be a certification teacher. The law, however, must maintain and establish the governing body thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Notes From The Back Of The Room : Problems And Paradoxes Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesat two elementary schools among young Black students. One was a public school and the other one was a Black independent School (BIS), which is private. The purpose of the study was to examine common teacher practices and black elementary-aged students’ responses to these practices in considering the processes of social reproduction in schools. The strategy use was an ethnographic study of two elementary schools in which the majority were black students; the author states that both schools had aRead More Ecotopia vs. the United States: The Effects of Sustainable Education1547 Words   |  7 PagesSchool is a fundamental location for the child’s mind to grow and prosper and the child is able to socialize and adhere to the environment that he or she learns about. In addition to education, simply being a component within the institution also formulates our beliefs. Schools are a prime institution to learn about green education in which it will prepare students to be sustainable in the future. In Ernest Callenbach’s Ecotopia, the protagonist, Will, travels to an ecological utopia where he learnsRead MoreEvaluation Of The Elementary Classroom1383 Words   |  6 PagesSupervision Narrative I conducted observations at the high school, middle school, and elementary levels. At the elementary level I observed a first grade teacher on October 22nd and 23rd at Hambright Elementary school and observed language arts and math instruction. On the first day I went in the morning and observed the beginning of the day routines. At this point in the year the teacher had established the rules and procedures for student arrival. Students arrived and immediately placed item inRead MorePrincipal Of School Is An Awesome Leader982 Words   |  4 PagesPrincipal Report The principal is the leader of the school. The principal provides a safety environment for students, faculty and community. The principal responsibility is to make sure the school is running good and everybody is doing their job, and the students are learning. Based on my interview sheet question I interview the principal at Tenth and Penn elementary school, the principal of that school is an awesome leader. A principal has a huge responsibility day by day. Being responsible forRead MoreEducation : Education Of Preservice Teachers And 2 ) Emphasis On High Stakes Testing Essay924 Words   |  4 Pageseducation of preservice teachers and 2) emphasis on high stakes testing. First, elementary education programs focus on the modern two cores, English and mathematics, paying only lip service to science and social studies. This leads to teachers becoming unconformable with the content in these two subjects. This level of uncertainty produces a focus away from social studies and a focus on the other two contents. The second reason for the marginalization of social Studies in the elementary classroom is highRead MoreAnalysis Of Teaching Controversy By Mark Mccaffrey1044 Words   |  5 Pages As a teacher, there are many incidents when it is important to let children think for themselves. In the article, â€Å"Teaching Controversy† by Mark S. McCaffrey, the problem of teachers taking a stance on controversial topics is discussed. As a future teacher, do I influence the thinking of my students with my own thoughts or let them decide for themselves? For many, the answer to that question is pretty straight forward; but for others, they seem to think a different way. My first impression of

Essay on Government Support of E-Business - 1256 Words

Assignment 5- P6/P7 In this assignment I am going to explain how the government supports the development of e-business and I will use example to support my answers. Also I am going to produce a personal development plan to aid an individual to prepare for increased use of business online. Government e-commerce regulations about online business The E-commerce Regulations apply to businesses which sell goods or services to businesses or consumers through a number of different ways. These can include though the internet, by email or Short Message Service. Also the e-commerce regulation also includes advertisement through the internet, emails or SMS. The e-commerce regulations do not cover businesses who advertise through direct†¦show more content†¦Security and data protection issues to be considered Several issues needs to be considered, the data protection act 1988, this is a type of law that protects the processing of personal information which is held on identifiable individuals. Many businesses need to comply with this act if they need to process and handle their customers personal data, this means that the business must be very open and not secretive about the use of the valuable data and make sure that they follow the certain rules for processing the information. Businesses can get support for security and data protection from the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform which both offers online help and support. How the Government has helped to prepare customers for an online operation of a business The government has helped significantly to prepare customers for the online operation of a business by providing them with guidance from many different government funded businesses such as business link which is a very useful website to use for businesses which are just starting out online. Their website provides each business with nearly everything which will support them with their first few months of trade as an online business. Task 2- P7 Personal development plan- Unfamiliar issues when trading online What training is needed? IT training such as Microsoft office for programmes such as excel so that invoices andShow MoreRelatedInformation And Communications Technology ( Ict ) For Market Access And Information Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesGovernments around the world have put in place policies to encourage the growth of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they can help directly alleviate poverty by increasing income levels and creating jobs (ESCAP, 2012). At the same t ime, the global economy has become increasingly depended on the Information and communications technology (ICT) for market access and information. SMEs need to have access to and use of ICT to engage in the regional and global economic business networks. IfRead MoreEssay about The ECommerce Environment of Singapore1496 Words   |  6 Pagesextend their territories in Indonesia. It remained under British rule until 1941 when Japan bombed and captured Singapore. After three years of Japanese rule, British forces returned to the island. By this time Singapore was longing for self-government. Singapore realized its need for independence in 1959 holding its first general election. The new, independent Singapore was voted into the United Nations in 1965. On December 22, 1965, Singapore became a republic electing Yusof bin Ishak asRead MoreInformation Security Policies968 Words   |  4 Pagesin the developing nations, but when modern facilities like information and communication technologies (ICT), are applied it will improve the public sector greatly and contributes to better services processes that can address citizens as well as government services. 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To improve profits and achieve strategic sustainability in a rapidly changing competitive environment, many Websites have been repackaging thems elves by targetingRead MoreIct For The Development Of Smes Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesMyanmar Governments around the world have put in place policies to encourage the growth of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they can help directly alleviate poverty by increasing income levels and creating jobs (ESCAP, 2012). At the same time, the global economy has become increasingly depended on the Information and communications technology (ICT) for market access and information. 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From the e-Activity, select two (2) components of Subpart 3.10—Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct that interest you the most. Next, evaluate the level of necessity of these components that you have selected in maintaining an ethical government contracting system. Provide a rationale for your response. †¢

Copper Sulphate Calibration Free Essays

Method As per laboratory protocol. Rest Its and Discussion From the table and graph it shows that there is a linear relationship between concentration and absorption (Beer-Lambert Law). As the concentration increases so does the absorbency. We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Sulphate Calibration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The line of regression fits into the averages of the UP Absorbency, the RE is 0. 9538 this shows that the data is accurate as it is very close to the regression line. Taking the averages of the CIVIC Absorbency allows the data to become more accurate and reliable. Cavetti MM cuscus (ml) Distilled Water (m L) Concentration (M) XIV Absorbency (Average) Dividing the unknown solutions by y is the way to find the concentrations of the unknown solutions. Plotting the unknown solutions On the graph Can test the reliability of the results of the concentration. The results are close to the line of regression, this indicates that the values which were calculated are accurate. The results which were gathered could have been skewed from the way the cavetti was placed into the spectrophotometer. For instance, if the puttee had fingerprints on it, the wavelength would not penetrate the cavetti properly as the fingerprints may modify the way the light penetrates the solution, thus gathering an incorrect concentration reading. One way to avoid this is to clean the cavetti before placing it into the spectrophotometer, plus making sure that it is placed into the apparatus the right way. Whilst the 1 mol of Copper Sulfate was measured with the Gilson there may have been a small chance of the measurement being inaccurate, however, a Gilson is more likely to give an accurate measurement of a solution than a pipette old. When using a spectrophotometer it is essential that the apparatus is switched on and left to warm up for at least 15 minutes, if this is not executed and the experiment is done with a ‘cold’ spectrophotometer the readings may be unstable. Between each reading of the solutions the spectrophotometer transmittance needs to be set back to O, if this is not done the reading will be incorrect, therefore jeopardizing the accuracy and reliability of the results. Conclusion Within this practical the aim was achieved, the absorptions of the diluted solutions were determined and accurate. How to cite Copper Sulphate Calibration, Papers

The Bloody Chamber Essay Example

The Bloody Chamber Paper Within My Last Duchess, The Bloody Chamber and Dracula, there is evidence to suggest that women within the gothic genre as portrayed as victims of male authority, as well as evidence to disprove this argument, instead suggesting that it is the women within the Gothic genre which makes themselves victims. Angela Carter is particularly interested in the portrayal of women as victims of male aggression as a limiting factor in the feminist perspective of the time’[i] Carter, with her modern twist on traditional fairytales places a particular focus on women characters and the hardships they endure perhaps due to their own natural behaviour, whereas Stoker with his tale of vampires is more traditional with the female becoming victims, through his male authority. My last Duchess enhances this by showing how women in the gothic genre are victims of male authority, through her suspicious death and the duke’s obsession with her beauty. Angela Carter’s, The Bloody Chamber,’ when read as a young women’s initiatory quest for knowledge rather than as the story of an overly curious girl who makes a disastrous marriage, provides its readership with a women-centred perspective that both reflects and allows for social change through individual liminal experience’[ii]. The Bloody chamber takes different forms throughout the book, but continues to serve the same symbolic purpose; it is a place of transformation for the heroine that changed irrevocably. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bloody Chamber specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Bloody Chamber specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Bloody Chamber specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each of these chambers is connected with violence and the blood shed when a woman looses her virginity and when she menstruates. Carter uses the chamber to make the connection between women’s sexuality, and the violence that they experience. This brings up the question of whether it is the men who make the women victims or whether it’s a woman’s natural body and mind which makes them victims. After all it is the women who carry the children and are naturally more delicate, so perhaps it’s not the men who make them victims in the gothic genre but the women themselves. It is the time in which Carter writes which allows her to separate the bloody chamber from stereotypes, as it is a modern poem and therefore she is able to empower the women. In The Bloody Chamber, the chamber is marquis’ room of torture and death. First, ‘the Marquis mentions the custom, no longer followed in what he rather smugly calls ‘these civilised times’ of hanging the bloody bridal sheets out of the window to prove the bride’s virginity’ [iii]. The heroine finds the chamber and puts herself in danger by doing so, she is an innocent girl who knows nothing of the world. ‘The bride appears to be a blank page; she was, she says, a mere seventeen, a girl who know nothing of the world when she married’[iv] The effect of finding the room gives the audience a thrill of the unknown, as well as suspense of whether she will be liberated or if this knowledge will lead to her doom, She later calls herself ‘only a baby when her husband entrusts her with his keys’[v] . Therefore it could be argued that it is the women who put themselves in the situation of being the victim, because of their natural traits such as innocence, curiosity and fragility, rather than the men in the Victorian era making them victims. This can also be seen in Stoker’s Dracula, it is the natural behaviour of the women in the Victorian era, and it is their innocence which ultimately leads the women into the hands of Dracula. These traits include the women’s beauty and the innocence of life, rather than the male authority putting them there. In The Bloody Chamber, she realises Marquis’ obsessive objectification through her loss of virginity. She describes it as painful experience and refers to it as a ‘one sided struggle’[vi] this shows how it is the women’s natural traits which lead to their victimisation; it is her ‘naivete which gives him profound pleasure’[vii]. At this point she simply finds no other way but to accept the stereotypical view of a young innocent girl in a relationship with an experienced man, another example of women being victims of male authority. The key to the bloody chamber is the key to her selfhood and subjugation that will ultimately kill her. The protagonist’s husband clearly considers her an object of exchange and plans to inscribe upon her his continuing tale of punishment for wives’ disobedience’[viii] again showing how women make themselves victims of their own behaviour, Helen Simpson’s interpretation is that ‘I really cant see what’s wrong with finding out about what the great male fantasies about women are’ [ix] The heroine fights against the victimisation, and indeed reverses role with the male in the story, as it is Marquis who dies and it is the female who leaves this chamber and finds happiness. The Snow Child, another short story within The Bloody Chamber, is ambiguous. In this small story there are two victims, both of them women, in this case the bloody chamber could relate to the hole in the snow that the countess and count ride past, or it could relate to the vagina and virginity of the girl. This expresses how the role of the women within the gothic genre is ultimately as victims, sometimes through their naivety and innocence and sometimes through male authority. The count sees both of the bloody chambers present as objects for his pleasure, therefore enforcing the role of the men as figures of authority; this is also shown in Stokers Dracula, because it is Dracula and the men of the time who take their pleasure by controlling the women. However, it is the countess who gains the knowledge, not the heroine. The countess is a striking figure ‘glittering’[x] and ‘shining’[xi], she is dressed in ‘pelts of black foxes’[xii], this is an anthropomorphic image of her sly and cunning sexuality, this again is evidence to suggest that women make themselves victims of male authority, by their beauty and behaviour. The girl dies because she is a victim of male fantasy; the picking of the rose by the countess is a symbolic combination of the perfection of natural beauty and the town as a metaphor, for the inevitable pains of loving. The count fails to protect the girl from the jealously of his wife and the girl dies bleeding and screaming in pain, again showing how women make themselves victims by their own behaviour. The scene of graphic necrophilia ‘unfastened his breeches and thrust his virile member into the dead girl’[xiii] that follows it ‘perhaps the most extreme image in the whole collection’[xiv] as it expressed the victimisation of women by male authority. Carter suggests that this image shows that ‘women know men would rather indulge themselves with dead fantasies than accept women as they really are, a depressing and morbid view of human relationships’ [xv] The ending of this tale is also ambiguous, the countess discovers that the rose ‘bites’[xvi] however it is unclear if she dies like the girl or whether she lives. This could be evidence to show that women make themselves victims of male authority within the gothic genre because of their behaviour, that it was the countess action of killing the girl that ultimately lead to her death, and not the count’s male authority. The time in which the stories were written determine the aspect they portray, The Bloody Chamber was written by Carter in a modern time and therefore she is able to liberate women and be blunter, something Stoker wouldn’t have been able to do within Dracula, because in era in which it was written, it would have been socially unacceptable to do so. Another one of Carter’s tales is The Lady of the House of Love, a story from Carter’s collection, The Bloody Chamber. This differs from Dracula as it is the lady vampire who is preying upon men whereas in Dracula it is the male Undead which prey upon women. However, The Bloody Chamber is also similar to Dracula in the outcome of the tale, that it is the woman who is the victims. The young officer’s virginity, something which is represented by the women in Dracula, is a powerful device which means that the power is shifted from the male to the lady in this story. In his innocence, he changed the order of her deck of tarot cards, replacing Death with the Lovers. She expects to devour him but, for the first time ever, her ritual does not follow the usual pattern and find herself becoming human. The officer is making the women, who usually are the hunter, his victim by humanising her ‘kiss it better’[xvii], he puts her to bed and when he awakes, he discovers that his new lover has died as an old woman. So it is the man who once again who makes the female a victim of his authority , by committing whatever act he wants, in this case for her to be his love. However, it could be argued that she puts herself in the situation to become a victim of male authority, through her previous behaviour of devouring young innocent men. Stoker portrays women in the gothic genre as victims of male authority, this is similar to Carter in, The Bloody chamber, but differs in the way that they portray this image. The tale is told in sections written by different characters: Jonathan’s and Mina’s journals, Lucy’s diary, Steward’s diary, a record by van Helsing. The cumulative method would once again seem to add up to the truth revealed. The very vagueness of the significance of the vampire prevents a final, neat conclusion about the novel. ’ [xviii] Whereas The Bloody Chamber is told in short stories, the purpose of doing this is to enhance the point of Carter; the message is portrayed through different women and their different situations rather than just one long story like Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Dracula expresses how it is the men who make the women within the Victorian era victims because of their behaviour and attitudes. The vampire figure has the haunting quality of nightmare and its association with sexuality is an important indication of the direction the exploration of psychological evil was taking. Mac Andrew argues that ‘The association of evil with sexuality probably reflects a gradually increasing awareness of the importance of sexuality in man’s nature. [xix] Again corresponding with the statement that, women within the Victorian era are made victims of male authority, Mina Murray is portrayed as the embodiment of the virtue of her age ‘one of God’s women, fashioned by his own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that it’s light can be here on earth’[xx], this differs with Mac Andrew’s argument by suggesting that it is the women within the Victorian era who make themselves victims, for example Mina is described by the men within Dracula as ‘So true, so sweet, so noble’ [xxi] Again giving the suggestion that it is not just the men who make the women victims within the gothic genre, but it’s the women who make themselves victims through their natural behaviour and attitudes for example innocence. Yet it is the male authority which takes advantage of this and therefore ultimately makes the women within the gothic genre victims. ‘Mina Mur ray is also shown as a model of domestic propriety while her sexuality remains enigmatic throughout the whole of Dracula’[xxii]. The fact that Mina never gives a voice to anything resembling a sexual desire or impulse means that she continues to retain her purity, a social aspect requires of all women in the Victorian era. Mina is portrayed as a successful wife and mother, yet all successes are always in the service of men, this is another way that she is portrayed in the gothic genre as victims of men. Lucy is opposite to Mina in many ways; she is a paragon of innocence and virtue but remains sexualised throughout the story ‘Lucy looks pale and haggard. Mina attributes this to Lucy fretting about something’[xxiii] this is portrayed as fragile women showing that she is weaker than Dracula. This method is shown continually throughout Dracula, it makes the women look more like victims, this contrasts to The Bloody Chamber where carters makes the women look strong ‘you never saw such a wild thing as my mother’[xxiv] Un-dead Lucy is expressed as a wanton creature of ravenous sexual appetite, which is against the acceptable behaviour of women within the Victorian era. Lucy stands as a dangerous threat to men and their tenuous self-control, yet when she is killed by the men, the purity on her face ensures the men that the world and its women are exactly as they should be. In Victorian England, women’s sexual behaviour was dictated by society’s extremely rigid expectations. This is shown within Dracula and My last Duchess as the women are made victims of male authority through the limitations which are placed upon them. There were only two options for women, they were both a mother and wife or they were a virgin, a model of purity and innocence. If women were not either then they were considered a whore and thus no consequence to society, the impending battle between good and evil within Dracula would hinge upon the female sexuality’[xxv]. Dracula makes the women victims of himself and other men within society, by threatening to turn the two women into their opposites, into women notes for their voluptuousness unapologetically open for sexual desire. ‘Gothic fiction is preoccupied with sexual assault. With the vampire it no longer deals only with sexual innocence in the victim and evil in this victimizer’[xxvi] this brings up the question of sexuality itself the innocent become the victims their own sexuality. In Stoker’s novel the forces of science and religion combine to destroy the innocent thus awakened- Lucy dies as Dracula drains life from her[xxvii]. ’ Whereas in The Bloody Chamber it is the mythical and supernatural beliefs, that make the women ultimately victims of male authority within the gothic genre; through fear of the unknown. In Stokers Dracula, when Lucy becomes a threat by transforming into a vampire vixen, Van Helsing and the other men see no other option but to destroy her , in order to return her to a purer, more socially acceptable state, this differs to carter’s bloody chamber as the women do not have expectations upon them but fight against these traditions. The men within the Victorian era are intensely invested in the sexual behaviour of women because they are afraid to associate with the socially scorned ‘your girls that you all love are mine already, and through them you and other shall yet be mine’[xxviii] voices of male fantasy have made women victims since Adam and Eve. The vampire figure has the haunting quality of nightmare and its association with sexuality. Both Dracula and The Bloody Chamber have significant gothic elements, they both discuss issues which could be dismissed as untrue, such as the fairytale structure in The Bloody Chamber and the superstitious beliefs of the peasants in Dracula. These elements contribute into making women victims of the male authority within the gothic genre, through male fantasies and the authority in which they control women. My last Duchess, by Robert Browning also, portrays women and victims within the gothic genre. My Last Duchess is about a portrait of the duke’s late wife, she is shown as a mere object that existed only to please him and to do his bidding ‘That piece a wonder, now’[xxix] he refers not only to the painting but also the wife as she was in life, a mere object, he now regards his wife as a wonder in the painting but was something less when she was alive. The Duke loves the portrait because it only reveals her beauty ‘ pictured countenance’ and none of the qualities that annoyed him. He now has complete control of the portrait and uses it as a pretty object that he can show the visitors. The Duchess is a victim of male fantasy, he only want her to look nice and did not want her around when he was alive. The Duchess’ general fault in the duke’s eyes was that her heart was ‘too soon made glad’[xxx]. She related easily to that which was around her such as the creatures, fruits and beauties of nature as well as to people of all ranks. Women are victim of male authority particularly here, a woman who loves everything around her and seems to complain of nothing, is a pain to her husband; the duchess is punished for simply being herself. This links to The Bloody Chamber and Dracula, as it is suggested that the women makes themselves victims because of their behaviour, and natural traits, rather than by male authority. The Duke suggests that the Duchess enjoyed the company of other men and implied that she was unfaithful but this is uncertain. The Duchess died in a suspicious death, possibly poisoned on ‘April 21st 1561 at the age of seventeen’[xxxi], although it is not clear what the duke did to his wife. The painter’s fate is also left obscure through ‘all smiles stopped together’ [xxxii] suggesting a common fate of the pair. Once again showing women in the gothic genre as victims of male fantasises. The technique of the writing of the poem means that it offers anyone reading it out-load a range of possible emphases and hence an interpretation of the Duke’s character. The poem itself is written in pentameters, arranged in couplets. One reads individual lines to oneself out loud; rhyme in couplets imposes a stately place appropriate to the duke’s dignity’[xxxiii] By writing in Pentameters it means that the rhyme of the poem is at a spread suitable for it to be read as a poem, for example ‘the curtain I have drawn for you, but I’[xxxiv] this is a grammatical error, the pronoun should be me and nor I, but I rhymes with By on the previous line, meaning It flows better. The use of alliterations also used within the poem also adds to the effect of the poem, it helps to exaggerate a particular point ‘The dropping of the daylight in the west’[xxxv] The man he addresses, in My Last Duchess, is the emissary of a certain count whose daughter to duke now wishes to marry. In return for his ‘nine-hundred-years-old name’ the duke confidently expects a large dowry. But the man he addresses is warned that the counts ‘fair daughter’[xxxvi] has better understand that she must submit completely to the duke’s will, again showing how women are victims of male authority and male fantasises to have pretty, young attractive women in their company. This would have seemed quite typical to readers in Britain c, 1850. ‘The marriage market persisted in the upper levels of society. Conventionally a suitable gentlemen- an old name was a great help’ took another gentlemen’s daughter off his hands in return for dowry in cash, kind or both. ’[xxxvii] The husband would then have full control of the wife’s income as well as her person, divorce was extremely rare and always scandalous, so that husbands might, and a lot of the time did, resorted to various cruel ways of punishing unsatisfactory partners. The Duke takes an extreme patriarchal and possessive view of women common enough in Victorian Britain, again showing the women as victims within a male society. This is similar to Dracula through the expectations of women, and how the behaviour of men towards women has not altered, but perhaps worsened within the Victorian era. Therefore, it could be argued that the women are made victims of male authority, in the gothic genre, because of the harshness endured by them due to the will of the men, such as the murder of vampire Lucy by the local men. Whereas it also could be argued that it is the women themselves who make them victims of male authority because of their natural traits such as innocence and naivety, as well as the blood of childbirth and menstruation which makes them look weak.